{"id":883,"date":"2025-05-27T18:49:19","date_gmt":"2025-05-27T15:49:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wiki.ai.voka.io\/diseases\/uncategorized\/infektsionnyy-endokardit\/"},"modified":"2025-10-27T14:32:43","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T11:32:43","slug":"endocardite-infecciosa","status":"publish","type":"diseases_post","link":"https:\/\/wiki.ai.voka.io\/pt\/doencas\/cardiologia\/endocardite-infecciosa\/","title":{"rendered":"Endocardite infecciosa: Etiologia, patog\u00e9nese, classifica\u00e7\u00e3o, diagn\u00f3stico, m\u00e9todos de tratamento"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><?xml encoding=\"UTF-8\" ?><\/p>\n<p>A endocardite infecciosa \u00e9 uma doen\u00e7a potencialmente fatal associada \u00e0 inflama\u00e7\u00e3o do endoc\u00e1rdio, predominantemente do aparelho valvular do cora\u00e7\u00e3o, causada pela invas\u00e3o microbiana. Apesar do desenvolvimento da terapia antibi\u00f3tica e das modernas t\u00e9cnicas de imagiologia, a taxa de mortalidade permanece elevada. <\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animacao-3d-endocardite-infecciosa-do-lado-esquerdo-do-coracao\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Infective%20endocarditis\/1-Infective%20endocarditis%20of%20the%20left%20heart%20(61)%20BG%2BPlashki%2BLogo%2Bsound_1.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Anima\u00e7\u00e3o 3D \u2013 Endocardite infecciosa do lado esquerdo do cora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\" id=\"animacao-3d-endocardite-infecciosa-do-lado-direito-do-coracao\"><video controls><source data-src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Infective%20endocarditis\/2-Infective%20endocarditis%20of%20the%20right%20heart%20(62)%20BG%2BPlashki%2BLogo%2BSound_1.webm\" type=\"video\/webm\"><\/source><\/video><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Anima\u00e7\u00e3o 3D \u2013 Endocardite infecciosa do lado direito do cora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"epidemiologia\">Epidemiologia<\/h2>\n<p>A incid\u00eancia de endocardite infecciosa varia <strong>entre 3 e 15 casos por 100 000 habitantes por ano.<\/strong> A incid\u00eancia aumenta com a idade, com um <strong>pico nos indiv\u00edduos com mais de 60 anos<\/strong>, devido \u00e0 acumula\u00e7\u00e3o de factores de risco, como pr\u00f3teses valvulares, implantes card\u00edacos, doen\u00e7as cr\u00f3nicas e interven\u00e7\u00f5es m\u00e9dicas frequentes. Os homens t\u00eam cerca de duas vezes mais probabilidades de ter a doen\u00e7a do que as mulheres. <\/p>\n<p>Nas \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas, verificou-se uma <strong>mudan\u00e7a no perfil epidemiol\u00f3gico<\/strong>: em vez das doen\u00e7as card\u00edacas reum\u00e1ticas e dos consumidores de drogas intravenosas, predominam agora os doentes idosos, muitas vezes com v\u00e1lvulas, pr\u00f3teses e pacemakers implantados.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a-etiologia\">A etiologia<\/h2>\n<p>Uma variedade de microorganismos pode ser a causa da EI, incluindo:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>O Staphylococcus aureus \u00e9 o l\u00edder em termos de frequ\u00eancia, especialmente na EI adquirida em hospitais<\/em> e em toxicodependentes.<\/li>\n<li><em>Os estreptococos Viridans s\u00e3o agentes patog\u00e9nicos<\/em> cl\u00e1ssicos em les\u00f5es valvulares nativas em doentes sem factores de risco \u00f3bvios.<\/li>\n<li><em>Enterococcus spp.<\/em> \u2013 significativa em doentes idosos, frequentemente associada a interven\u00e7\u00f5es urogenitais.<\/li>\n<li>Os estafilococos coagulase-negativos s\u00e3o agentes causais frequentes em infec\u00e7\u00f5es de v\u00e1lvulas prot\u00e9sicas.<\/li>\n<li>Menos frequentemente \u2013 grupo HACEK, fungos, bacilos Gram-negativos, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Os factores de risco incluem a presen\u00e7a de v\u00e1lvulas artificiais, pacemakers, EI anterior, defeitos card\u00edacos, uso de drogas intravenosas e hemodi\u00e1lise cr\u00f3nica.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"patogenese\">Patog\u00e9nese<\/h2>\n<p>A patog\u00e9nese da endocardite infecciosa envolve v\u00e1rias liga\u00e7\u00f5es consecutivas:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Danos no endot\u00e9lio da v\u00e1lvula (por exemplo, por fluxo sangu\u00edneo turbulento) \u2192 exposi\u00e7\u00e3o da matriz extracelular.<\/li>\n<li>Ades\u00e3o de plaquetas e fibrina \u2192 forma\u00e7\u00e3o de trombo est\u00e9ril (endocardite tromb\u00f3tica n\u00e3o bacteriana).<\/li>\n<li>Invas\u00e3o microbiana \u2013 na bacteriemia transit\u00f3ria, os microrganismos colonizam o co\u00e1gulo.<\/li>\n<li>A forma\u00e7\u00e3o de <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es\" data-tooltip=\"Vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es (do latim vegetatio \u2014 revitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o, crescimento) \u00e9 um termo patol\u00f3gico geral para crescimentos anormais, frequentemente vilosos ou papilares, que se projetam acima da superf\u00edcie da pele ou da mucosa.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.ai.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/vegetacao\/\">vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es<\/span> \u2013 aglomerados densos de fibrina, c\u00e9lulas inflamat\u00f3rias e bact\u00e9rias protegidas da resposta imunit\u00e1ria e dos antibi\u00f3ticos.<\/li>\n<li>Destrui\u00e7\u00e3o das estruturas valvulares e eventual <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Emboliza\u00e7\u00e3o\" data-tooltip=\"A emboliza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um procedimento endovascular minimamente invasivo em que o m\u00e9dico bloqueie (oclui) um vaso sangu\u00edneo por meio de inje\u00e7\u00e3o de materiais especiais \u2014 agentes emb\u00f3licos \u2014 em seu l\u00famen.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.ai.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/embolizacao\/\">emboliza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span> \u2192 complica\u00e7\u00f5es sist\u00e9micas, <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Sepse\" data-tooltip=\"A sepse (do grego \u03c3\u1fc6\u03c8\u03b9\u03c2 - putrefac\u00e7\u00e3o) \u00e9 uma disfun\u00e7\u00e3o org\u00e2nica potencialmente fatal causada por uma resposta desregulada (patol\u00f3gica) do organismo a uma infec\u00e7\u00e3o. O ponto-chave nesta defini\u00e7\u00e3o (Sepsis-3, 2016) \u00e9 que a sepse n\u00e3o \u00e9 a infec\u00e7\u00e3o em si, mas uma resposta descontrolada, excessiva e prejudicial do pr\u00f3prio sistema imunit\u00e1rio.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.ai.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/sepsis\/\">s\u00e9psis<\/span>, insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca aguda. Os mecanismos imunit\u00e1rios tamb\u00e9m contribuem para o desenvolvimento de complica\u00e7\u00f5es como a vasculite e a glomerulonefrite. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>O passo fundamental \u00e9 a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es que promovem a persist\u00eancia da infe\u00e7\u00e3o e o desenvolvimento de complica\u00e7\u00f5es emb\u00f3licas.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Infective%20endocarditis\/1-Vegetations_on_the_mitral_valve.webp\" alt=\"Vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es na v\u00e1lvula mitral\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es na v\u00e1lvula mitral<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Infective%20endocarditis\/2-Perforation_of_the_tricuspid_valve_leaflet.webp\" alt=\"Perfura\u00e7\u00e3o do folheto da v\u00e1lvula tric\u00faspide\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Perfura\u00e7\u00e3o do folheto da v\u00e1lvula tric\u00faspide<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"classificacao-da-endocardite-infecciosa\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o da endocardite infecciosa<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table table-to-cards table-accents\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Por localiza\u00e7\u00e3o do processo<\/strong>: <br \/>Endocardite do lado esquerdo<\/td>\n<td>Les\u00e3o da v\u00e1lvula mitral e\/ou a\u00f3rtica (mais comum)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Endocardite do lado direito<\/td>\n<td>Les\u00e3o da v\u00e1lvula tric\u00faspide e\/ou (menos frequentemente) pulmonar (mais comum em utilizadores de drogas inject\u00e1veis, doentes com CVC)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Combinado<\/td>\n<td>Les\u00f5es simult\u00e2neas das divis\u00f5es direita e esquerda<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Endocardite prot\u00e9sica<\/td>\n<td>Inflama\u00e7\u00e3o numa pr\u00f3tese valvular mec\u00e2nica ou biol\u00f3gica<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Endocardite dos dispositivos<\/td>\n<td>Infe\u00e7\u00e3o associada a el\u00e9ctrodos de pacemakers, CDIs, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Por etiologia (agente causador)<\/strong>: Cocos Gram-positivos<\/td>\n<td><em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>, estafilococos coagulase-negativos, <em>Streptococcus viridans<\/em>, <em>Enterococcus spp.<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Bact\u00e9rias Gram-negativas<\/td>\n<td>Grupo HACEK, outras Enterobacteriaceae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">At\u00edpico\/obrigatoriamente intracelular<\/td>\n<td><em>Coxiella burnetii<\/em>, <em>Bartonella spp.<\/em>, <em>Tropheryma whipplei<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Cogumelos<\/td>\n<td><em>Candida spp<\/em>., <em>Aspergillus spp.<\/em> (raro, mais comum em pessoas imunocomprometidas)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Por curso cl\u00ednico:<\/strong><br \/>Agudo<\/td>\n<td>In\u00edcio: s\u00fabito<br \/>Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o: r\u00e1pida, agressiva<br \/>Agentes patog\u00e9nicos mais frequentes: <em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>, estreptococos \u03b2-hemol\u00edticos<br \/>Carater\u00edsticas: destrui\u00e7\u00e3o r\u00e1pida da v\u00e1lvula, septicemia, elevada taxa de mortalidade<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Subaguda<\/td>\n<td>In\u00edcio: gradual (semanas)<br \/>Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o: lenta, com sintomatologia pouco clara<br \/>Agentes patog\u00e9nicos mais comuns: <em>Streptococcus viridans<\/em>, <em>Enterococcus spp<\/em>.<br \/>Carater\u00edsticas: anemia, subfebril, manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es imunit\u00e1rias.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Cr\u00f3nica<\/td>\n<td>In\u00edcio: prolongado (meses)<br \/>Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o: latente ou recorrente<br \/>Agentes patog\u00e9nicos mais comuns: bact\u00e9rias de baixa virul\u00eancia, formas negativas em cultura<br \/>Carater\u00edsticas: inflama\u00e7\u00e3o prolongada, altera\u00e7\u00f5es persistentes das v\u00e1lvulas, poss\u00edvel reca\u00edda ap\u00f3s a terap\u00eautica<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Infective%20endocarditis\/3-Infective_endocarditis_of_the_left_ventricles_(vegetations_on_the_valves-and_mitro-aortic_junction).webp\" alt=\"Endocardite infecciosa esquerda (vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es nas v\u00e1lvulas e na jun\u00e7\u00e3o mitro-a\u00f3rtica)\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Endocardite infecciosa esquerda (vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es nas v\u00e1lvulas e jun\u00e7\u00e3o mitro-a\u00f3rtica) \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/d1df170c-51ef-4d23-93b5-0380d03866e5\/982d1394-9046-49c1-a896-2da7012969bf\/7546a2f1-29a9-499f-b40d-862a113b087e\/088c7cec-04a4-48ca-a769-a9fe47ff8aa1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Modelo 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/articles\/Acquired%20Heart%20Diseases\/Infective%20endocarditis\/4-Infective_endocarditis_of_the_right_(vegetations_and_perforation_on_the_tricuspid_valve).webp\" alt=\"Endocardite infecciosa do lado direito (vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es e perfura\u00e7\u00f5es na v\u00e1lvula tric\u00faspide)\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Endocardite infecciosa do lado direito (vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es e perfura\u00e7\u00e3o na v\u00e1lvula tric\u00faspide) \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/en\/models\/d1df170c-51ef-4d23-93b5-0380d03866e5\/982d1394-9046-49c1-a896-2da7012969bf\/7546a2f1-29a9-499f-b40d-862a113b087e\/68b9782f-6c85-4ffa-812f-7f53628e0416\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Modelo 3D<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"manifestacoes-clinicas\">Manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es cl\u00ednicas<\/h2>\n<p>A sintomatologia da EI \u00e9 vari\u00e1vel, indo de inespec\u00edfica a potencialmente fatal:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sintomas gerais de endocardite infecciosa: febre, suores, fadiga, perda de peso.<\/li>\n<li>Sinais card\u00edacos: sopro novo ou alterado, sinais de insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca.<\/li>\n<li>Complica\u00e7\u00f5es emb\u00f3licas: acidente vascular cerebral, isqu\u00e9mia dos membros, enfartes de \u00f3rg\u00e3os internos.<\/li>\n<li>Manifesta\u00e7\u00f5es imunit\u00e1rias: p\u00farpura, n\u00f3dulos de Osler, manchas de Janway, glomerulonefrite.<\/li>\n<li>Danos no sistema de condu\u00e7\u00e3o: bloqueios, arritmias.<\/li>\n<li>Na evolu\u00e7\u00e3o grave da EI pode desenvolver-se: choque s\u00e9tico, fal\u00eancia de v\u00e1rios \u00f3rg\u00e3os.<\/li>\n<li>Na endocardite prot\u00e9sica, os sopros auscultat\u00f3rios podem ser menos pronunciados, a infe\u00e7\u00e3o perianular \u00e9 mais comum: <span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Abscesso\" data-tooltip=\"Um abcesso \u00e9 uma acumula\u00e7\u00e3o localizada de pus, limitada por uma c\u00e1psula e resultante de uma inflama\u00e7\u00e3o purulenta dos tecidos. Caracteriza-se pela presen\u00e7a de uma membrana piog\u00e9nica, que isola o foco dos tecidos saud\u00e1veis e impede a propaga\u00e7\u00e3o da infe\u00e7\u00e3o. \" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.ai.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/abscesso\/\">abcessos<\/span>, pseudoaneurismas, f\u00edstulas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"diagnostico-de-endocardite-infecciosa\">Diagn\u00f3stico de endocardite infecciosa<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"metodos-laboratoriais\">M\u00e9todos laboratoriais:<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>An\u00e1lise geral do sangue: anemia normoc\u00edtica, leucocitose, trombocitopenia.<\/li>\n<li>COE, CRP: significativamente elevados.<\/li>\n<li>Procalcitonina: pode estar moderadamente elevada.<\/li>\n<li>Achados renais: eleva\u00e7\u00e3o da creatinina (glomerulonefrite, embolia).<\/li>\n<li>Hemoculturas: \u22653 amostras \u226530 min de intervalo antes dos antibi\u00f3ticos (at\u00e9 95% de sensibilidade).<\/li>\n<li>Serologia\/PCR: em EI negativas para cultura (<em>Bartonella<\/em>, <em>Coxiella<\/em>, <em>Brucella<\/em>, etc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"metodos-instrumentais\">M\u00e9todos instrumentais:<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ecocardiografia (a ecocardiografia PD \u00e9 prefer\u00edvel \u00e0 ecocardiografia TT): <\/strong>Vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es, abcessos, pseudoaneurismas, perfura\u00e7\u00f5es, disfun\u00e7\u00e3o prot\u00e9sica. Sensibilidade da ecocardiografia PF > 90%. <\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"Tomografia computorizada\" data-tooltip=\"A tomografia computadorizada \u00e9 um exame de imagem que usa raios X para obter imagens transversais (cortes) de \u00f3rg\u00e3os e tecidos internos. \u00c9 uma das principais t\u00e9cnicas de imagem da medicina moderna, com elevado n\u00edvel de gera\u00e7\u00e3o de informa\u00e7\u00e3o.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.ai.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/tc-tomografia-computadorizada\/\">TC<\/span>:<\/strong> Permite a dete\u00e7\u00e3o de abcessos, pseudoaneurismas, \u00eambolos e complica\u00e7\u00f5es de endocardite infecciosa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>PET-CT:<\/strong> Detecta \u00e1reas de inflama\u00e7\u00e3o ativa e infe\u00e7\u00e3o; particularmente valioso na endocardite prot\u00e9sica e na presen\u00e7a de dispositivos.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"glossary-term\" data-title=\"RM (Resson\u00e2ncia magn\u00e9tica)\" data-tooltip=\"A resson\u00e2ncia magn\u00e9tica (RM) \u00e9 uma t\u00e9cnica de imagem moderna n\u00e3o invasiva que produz imagens em camadas altamente detalhadas de \u00f3rg\u00e3os e tecidos internos. O m\u00e9todo baseia-se no fen\u00f3meno da resson\u00e2ncia magn\u00e9tica nuclear. A principal vantagem da RM \u00e9 a aus\u00eancia de radia\u00e7\u00e3o ionizante.\" data-link=\"https:\/\/wiki.ai.voka.io\/pt\/glossario\/rm\/\">Resson\u00e2ncia magn\u00e9tica<\/span> cerebral<\/strong>: revela frequentemente m\u00faltiplos \u00eambolos, mesmo na aus\u00eancia de sintomas neurol\u00f3gicos<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"criterios-da-duke\">Crit\u00e9rios da Duke<\/h3>\n<p>Um esquema de diagn\u00f3stico internacionalmente aceite para a endocardite infecciosa (EI) que integra achados cl\u00ednicos, microbiol\u00f3gicos e imagiol\u00f3gicos.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">A probabilidade de teres EI:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fi\u00e1vel: 2 crit\u00e9rios principais OU 1 crit\u00e9rio principal + 3 crit\u00e9rios secund\u00e1rios OU 5 crit\u00e9rios secund\u00e1rios;<\/li>\n<li>Poss\u00edvel: 1 maior + 1-2 menores OU 3 menores;<\/li>\n<li>Exclu\u00eddos: diagn\u00f3stico alternativo, falta de confirma\u00e7\u00e3o na aut\u00f3psia ou resolu\u00e7\u00e3o completa dos sintomas sem tratamento.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Crit\u00e9rios principais (<em>crit\u00e9riosprincipais<\/em>)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Uma hemocultura positiva (uma das seguintes op\u00e7\u00f5es): <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u22652 culturas de sangue positivas de microrganismos t\u00edpicos (por exemplo, <em>S. aureus<\/em>, <em>Streptococcus viridans<\/em>, <em>Enterococcus spp<\/em>.) de diferentes amostras;<\/li>\n<li>Hemocultura persistentemente positiva: \u22652 amostras positivas com \u226512 horas de intervalo;<\/li>\n<li>\u22653 de 4 hemoculturas positivas efectuadas no espa\u00e7o de 1 hora.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Evid\u00eancia de uma les\u00e3o endoc\u00e1rdica:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>EcoCG positivo (ECO PE ou ECO TT): vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o, abcesso, pseudoaneurisma, perfura\u00e7\u00e3o;<\/li>\n<li>Uma nova ocorr\u00eancia de falha da v\u00e1lvula (insufici\u00eancia).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Em alternativa (ESC 2023):<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>PET-CT ou SPECT positivos por suspeita de EI prot\u00e9sica;<\/li>\n<li>Cultura positiva de material intra-operat\u00f3rio da v\u00e1lvula.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Crit\u00e9rios menores (<em>Crit\u00e9riosmenores<\/em>)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Doen\u00e7a card\u00edaca predisponente ou administra\u00e7\u00e3o de medicamentos por via intravenosa.<\/li>\n<li>Febre \u226538 \u00b0C.<\/li>\n<li>Fen\u00f3menos vasculares: \u00eambolos, enfartes, hemorragias, manchas de Janway.<\/li>\n<li>Fen\u00f3menos imunol\u00f3gicos: n\u00f3dulos de Osler, manchas de Roth, glomerulonefrite, fator reumatoide.<\/li>\n<li>Achados microbiol\u00f3gicos que n\u00e3o cumprem os crit\u00e9rios b\u00e1sicos: uma \u00fanica hemocultura positiva ou confirma\u00e7\u00e3o serol\u00f3gica de infe\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00edpica de EI.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"tratamento-da-endocardite-infecciosa\">Tratamento da endocardite infecciosa<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Modifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos factores de risco<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Remo\u00e7\u00e3o\/substitui\u00e7\u00e3o de dispositivos e cateteres infectados.<\/li>\n<li>Higieniza\u00e7\u00e3o dos focos de infe\u00e7\u00e3o (dentes, pele).<\/li>\n<li>Limita os procedimentos invasivos desnecess\u00e1rios.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"terapia-medicamentosa\">Terapia medicamentosa<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Princ\u00edpios:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Doses elevadas de antibi\u00f3ticos bactericidas;<\/li>\n<li>Terapia prolongada (geralmente 4-6 semanas);<\/li>\n<li>Considera a CIM (concentra\u00e7\u00e3o inibit\u00f3ria m\u00ednima);<\/li>\n<li>Abordagem individualizada em pr\u00f3teses, abcessos e estirpes resistentes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Exemplos de regimes (segundo o CES 2023):<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Staph. aureus <\/em> (sens\u00edvel \u00e0 meticilina): oxacilina\/nafcilina + gentamicina (primeira semana) \u00b1 rifampicina (se pr\u00f3tese);<\/li>\n<li><em>Staph. aureus <\/em> (MRSA): vancomicina \u00b1 rifampicina;<\/li>\n<li><em>Streptococcus spp<\/em>.: penicilina G ou ceftriaxona \u00b1 gentamicina;<\/li>\n<li><em>Enterococcus spp<\/em>.: ampicilina + gentamicina ou + ceftriaxona (se HLR \u00e0 gentamicina).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"social-banner-block\">\n<div class=\"social-banner-content\">\n<p class=\"h5-title text-black\">Encontra mais conte\u00fados cientificamente exactos nas nossas redes sociais<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"social-banner-text text-grey\">Subscreve e n\u00e3o percas os recursos mais recentes<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"social-links-wrapper\"><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/VOKA3DAnatomyAndPathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/facebook.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/voka.io\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/insta.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/voka-io\/posts\/?feedView=all\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/linkedin.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@vokaio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/youtube.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/voka3danatomyandpathology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/pinterest.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@voka.io\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/tiktok.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><a class=\"social-icon-link\" href=\"https:\/\/discord.gg\/7ejUpq8DRR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/Social%20Icons\/discord.svg\" alt=\"social link\"><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"social-banner-image\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/dev_wiki_voka_io_303011\/common\/social-media-banner-mobile-image.webp\" alt=\"Banner background\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"tratamento-cirurgico\">Tratamento cir\u00fargico<\/h3>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Indica\u00e7\u00f5es:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca devido a disfun\u00e7\u00e3o valvular (regurgita\u00e7\u00e3o valvular aguda grave);<\/li>\n<li>Infe\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o controlada (abcesso; perfura\u00e7\u00e3o; pseudoaneurisma; bacteriemia cont\u00ednua >7 dias apesar de terapia antibi\u00f3tica adequada);<\/li>\n<li>Embolias repetidas ou vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es grandes c epis\u00f3dio de embolia (>10 mm), vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es >15 mm, especialmente em EI do lado esquerdo mesmo sem embolia;<\/li>\n<li>Endocardite prot\u00e9sica;<\/li>\n<li>EI f\u00fangica ou causada por microrganismos altamente resistentes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Contra-indica\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Estado geral descompensado, fal\u00eancia de v\u00e1rios \u00f3rg\u00e3os;<\/li>\n<li>Acidente vascular cerebral maci\u00e7o recente com componente hemorr\u00e1gico.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Tipos de opera\u00e7\u00f5es<\/span><\/strong>(na grande maioria dos casos, as opera\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o efectuadas sob circula\u00e7\u00e3o artificial):<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Substitui\u00e7\u00e3o (pr\u00f3tese) da v\u00e1lvula afetada;<\/li>\n<li>Remo\u00e7\u00e3o de vegeta\u00e7\u00f5es, saneamento de abcessos;<\/li>\n<li>Interven\u00e7\u00f5es reconstrutivas (v\u00e1lvula, anel valvular, plastia da raiz da aorta): se a raiz da aorta estiver envolvida, pode ser necess\u00e1ria a substitui\u00e7\u00e3o por um conduto (pr\u00f3tese vascular artificial com v\u00e1lvula artificial) ou por um homoenxerto (v\u00e1lvula de dador humano com uma sec\u00e7\u00e3o da aorta ascendente);<\/li>\n<li>Remo\u00e7\u00e3o de dispositivos infectados (se estiverem envolvidos el\u00e9ctrodos ou pacemakers: remo\u00e7\u00e3o obrigat\u00f3ria de todo o sistema. Na endocardite por TAVI: a cirurgia \u00e9 muitas vezes altamente letal, mas est\u00e1 indicada se a terapia for ineficaz).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<h2 class=\"faq-title h2-article\" id=\"faq\">FAQ<\/h2>\n<div class=\"faq-section\">\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">1. O que \u00e9 a endocardite infecciosa?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">A endocardite infecciosa \u00e9 uma doen\u00e7a inflamat\u00f3ria do revestimento interno do cora\u00e7\u00e3o (endoc\u00e1rdio), mais frequentemente envolvendo as v\u00e1lvulas, causada por uma infe\u00e7\u00e3o bacteriana ou f\u00fangica.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">2. Que sintomas s\u00e3o mais carater\u00edsticos da EI?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Sintomas mais comuns: febre, arrepios, fraqueza, sopros no cora\u00e7\u00e3o, perda de peso. Complica\u00e7\u00f5es poss\u00edveis: acidentes vasculares cerebrais, embolias, insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">3. Que bact\u00e9rias causam mais frequentemente a EI?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Os agentes causadores mais frequentes s\u00e3o o <em>Staphylococcus aureus, o Streptococcus viridans e o Enterococcus spp<\/em>. As pessoas com pr\u00f3teses ou dispositivos intravasculares t\u00eam frequentemente as seguintes doen\u00e7as  <em>Staph. epidermidis <\/em>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">4. Quais s\u00e3o os perigos da endocardite infecciosa?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">A EI pode levar \u00e0 destrui\u00e7\u00e3o de v\u00e1lvulas, insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca, complica\u00e7\u00f5es emb\u00f3licas (acidentes vasculares cerebrais, enfartes de \u00f3rg\u00e3os), abcessos e s\u00e9psis. A taxa de mortalidade atinge 20-30%. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">5. A EI pode ser tratada sem cirurgia?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Sim, em alguns casos \u2013 especialmente com v\u00e1lvulas nativas e microrganismos sens\u00edveis \u2013 \u00e9 poss\u00edvel curar completamente com antibi\u00f3ticos. No entanto, se surgirem complica\u00e7\u00f5es, pode ser necess\u00e1ria uma interven\u00e7\u00e3o cir\u00fargica. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">6. Quando \u00e9 que a cirurgia \u00e9 necess\u00e1ria para a EI?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">A cirurgia est\u00e1 indicada em: <br \/>\u2013 Insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca por disfun\u00e7\u00e3o valvular; <br \/>\u2013 Abscessos, rupturas, perfura\u00e7\u00f5es; <br \/>\u2013 Antibioticoterapia ineficaz; <br \/>\u2013 Infe\u00e7\u00e3o f\u00fangica; <br \/>\u2013 Embolias recorrentes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">7. Durante quanto tempo \u00e9 administrado o tratamento com antibi\u00f3ticos?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">A dura\u00e7\u00e3o do tratamento \u00e9 normalmente de 4-6 semanas, dependendo do agente causador, do tipo de v\u00e1lvula (nativa ou prot\u00e9sica) e das complica\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">8. A endocardite infecciosa pode ser prevenida?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Sim, recomenda-se a profilaxia antibi\u00f3tica antes de determinados procedimentos dent\u00e1rios ou cir\u00fargicos em doentes de risco (por exemplo, os que t\u00eam v\u00e1lvulas prot\u00e9sicas).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-item faq-answer-hidden\">\n<div class=\"question-block\">\n<div class=\"faq-question\">\n<p class=\" text-black h5-title\">9. Quem corre um risco elevado de sofrer de EI?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-answer text-main-text-color main-text-medium\">Indiv\u00edduos com v\u00e1lvulas prot\u00e9sicas, pacemakers, EI anterior, doen\u00e7a card\u00edaca cong\u00e9nita, doentes em hemodi\u00e1lise e consumidores de drogas.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"expand-button-wrapper\"><button class=\"text-accent expand-button\">+<\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n    {\n    \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n    \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n    \"mainEntity\": [\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"O que \u00e9 a endocardite infecciosa?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                \"text\": \"A endocardite infecciosa \u00e9 uma doen\u00e7a inflamat\u00f3ria do revestimento interno do cora\u00e7\u00e3o (endoc\u00e1rdio), mais frequentemente envolvendo as v\u00e1lvulas, causada por uma infe\u00e7\u00e3o bacteriana ou f\u00fangica.\"\n            }\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Que sintomas s\u00e3o mais carater\u00edsticos da EI?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                \"text\": \"Sintomas mais comuns: febre, arrepios, fraqueza, sopros no cora\u00e7\u00e3o, perda de peso. Complica\u00e7\u00f5es poss\u00edveis: acidentes vasculares cerebrais, embolias, insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca. \"\n            }\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Que bact\u00e9rias causam mais frequentemente a EI?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                \"text\": \"Os agentes causadores mais frequentes s\u00e3o o <em>Staphylococcus aureus, o Streptococcus viridans e o Enterococcus spp. As pessoas com pr\u00f3teses ou dispositivos intravasculares t\u00eam frequentemente as seguintes doen\u00e7as  <em>Staph. epidermidis .\"\n            }\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Quais s\u00e3o os perigos da endocardite infecciosa?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                \"text\": \"A EI pode levar \u00e0 destrui\u00e7\u00e3o de v\u00e1lvulas, insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca, complica\u00e7\u00f5es emb\u00f3licas (acidentes vasculares cerebrais, enfartes de \u00f3rg\u00e3os), abcessos e s\u00e9psis. 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No entanto, se surgirem complica\u00e7\u00f5es, pode ser necess\u00e1ria uma interven\u00e7\u00e3o cir\u00fargica. \"\n            }\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Quando \u00e9 que a cirurgia \u00e9 necess\u00e1ria para a EI?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                \"text\": \"A cirurgia est\u00e1 indicada em: <br \/>- Insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca por disfun\u00e7\u00e3o valvular; <br \/>- Abscessos, rupturas, perfura\u00e7\u00f5es; <br \/>- Antibioticoterapia ineficaz; <br \/>- Infe\u00e7\u00e3o f\u00fangica; <br \/>- Embolias recorrentes.\"\n            }\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Durante quanto tempo \u00e9 administrado o tratamento com antibi\u00f3ticos?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                \"text\": \"A dura\u00e7\u00e3o do tratamento \u00e9 normalmente de 4-6 semanas, dependendo do agente causador, do tipo de v\u00e1lvula (nativa ou prot\u00e9sica) e das complica\u00e7\u00f5es.\"\n            }\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"A endocardite infecciosa pode ser prevenida?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                \"text\": \"Sim, recomenda-se a profilaxia antibi\u00f3tica antes de determinados procedimentos dent\u00e1rios ou cir\u00fargicos em doentes de risco (por exemplo, os que t\u00eam v\u00e1lvulas prot\u00e9sicas).\"\n            }\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Quem corre um risco elevado de sofrer de EI?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                \"text\": \"Indiv\u00edduos com v\u00e1lvulas prot\u00e9sicas, pacemakers, EI anterior, doen\u00e7a card\u00edaca cong\u00e9nita, doentes em hemodi\u00e1lise e consumidores de drogas.\"\n            }\n        }\n    ]\n}<\/script><\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-block sources-list-hidden\" id=\"lista-de-fontes\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-content\">\n<div class=\"sources-list-title\">\n<p class=\"small-text-bold text-black sources-list-title-text\">Lista de fontes<\/p>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper-mobile\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-list-items\">\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">1.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Cat\u00e1logo VOKA.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"small-text-medium text-grey\">https:\/\/catalog.voka.io\/<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">2.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis. Delgado V, Ajmone Marsan N, de Waha S, Bonaros N, Brida M, Burri H, Caselli S, Doenst T, Ederhy S, Erba PA, Foldager D, Fosb\u00f8l EL, Kovac J, Mestres CA, Miller OI, Miro JM, Pazdernik M, Pizzi MN, Quintana E, Rasmussen TB, Risti\u0107 AD, Rod\u00e9s-Cabau J, Sionis A, Z\u00fchlke LJ, Borger MA; ESC Scientific Document Group. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 14;44(39):3948-4042. doi: 10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad193.   <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">3.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Infective endocarditis. Li M, Kim JB, Sastry BKS, Chen M. Lancet. 2024 Jul 27;404(10450):377-392. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01098-5.   <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">4.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Infective endocarditis: A contemporary update. Rajani R, Klein JL. Clin Med (Lond). 2020 Jan;20(1):31-35. doi: 10.7861\/clinmed.cme.20.1.1.    <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">5.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Management Considerations in Infective Endocarditis: A Review. Wang A, Gaca JG, Chu VH. JAMA. 2018 Jul 3;320(1):72-83. doi: 10.1001\/jama.2018.7596.    <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">6.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Infective Endocarditis in Adults: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG Jr, Tleyjeh IM, Rybak MJ, Barsic B, Lockhart PB, Gewitz MH, Levison ME, Bolger AF, Steckelberg JM, Baltimore RS, Fink AM, O\u2019Gara P, Taubert KA; American Heart Association Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and Stroke Council. Circulation. 2015 Oct 13;132(15):1435-86. doi: 10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000296.    <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">7.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Infective endocarditis. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and histopathology. Iung B. Presse Med. 2019 May;48(5):513-521. doi: 10.1016\/j.lpm.2019.04.009.    <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">8.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Native-Valve Infective Endocarditis. Chambers HF, Bayer AS. N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 6;383(6):567-576. doi: 10.1056\/NEJMcp2000400.    <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"source-item\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">9.<\/p>\n<div class=\"source-item-content\">\n<p class=\"main-text-semibold text-black\">Infective Endocarditis-Update for the Perioperative Clinician. Jain A, Subramani S, Gebhardt B, Hauser J, Bailey C, Ramakrishna H. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2023 Apr;37(4):637-649. doi: 10.1053\/j.jvca.2022.12.030.   <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"sources-expand-button\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M8 12L16 20L24 12\" stroke=\"#8C9AAB\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A endocardite infecciosa \u00e9 uma doen\u00e7a potencialmente fatal associada \u00e0 inflama\u00e7\u00e3o do endoc\u00e1rdio, predominantemente do aparelho valvular do cora\u00e7\u00e3o, causada pela invas\u00e3o microbiana. Apesar do desenvolvimento da terapia antibi\u00f3tica e das modernas t\u00e9cnicas de imagiologia, a taxa de mortalidade permanece elevada. Epidemiologia A incid\u00eancia de endocardite infecciosa varia entre 3 e 15 casos por 100 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"template":"","diseases_category":[293],"class_list":["post-883","diseases_post","type-diseases_post","status-publish","hentry","diseases_category-cardiologia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v26.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Endocardite infecciosa: sintomas, causas, classifica\u00e7\u00e3o, tratamento<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A endocardite infecciosa \u00e9 uma inflama\u00e7\u00e3o perigosa do revestimento interno do cora\u00e7\u00e3o com danos nas v\u00e1lvulas. 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